What is the term for the process of losing or gaining electrons that results in the formation of charged particles?

The term for the process of losing or gaining electrons that results in the formation of charged particles is ionization. This process occurs when an atom or molecule either gains or loses one or more electrons, resulting in the formation of ions. Ions can be positively charged (cations) when electrons are lost, or negatively charged (anions) when electrons are gained. Ionization is fundamental in various contexts, including chemistry, physics, and, particularly in the field of radiation, where it plays a crucial role in understanding how radiation interacts with matter.

In the context of radiation, ionization is critical because it helps explain how different types of radiation can cause changes at the atomic and molecular levels, which is essential for understanding the safety protocols in dental radiography. Ionization leads to chemical reactions that can affect biological tissues, which is why it's important to implement radiation protection measures.